Понятие путь: Значение слова ПУТЬ. Что такое ПУТЬ?

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Механика.

1. Указать единицу измерения для понятий: сила (1 Н = 1 кг·м/с² )

масса(кг)

Электрический заряд(Кл)

Дайте определение понятий: перемещение, путь, траектория.

Траектория— воображаемая линия, вдоль которой движется тело

Пройденный путьили просто путь(l) —длина пути , по которому двигалось тело

Перемещение— это вектор S, направленный из начальной точки в конечную

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения скорости.

Скорость— векторная физическая величина, характеризующая быстроту перемещения точки и направление этого перемещения. [V]=м·с

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения ускорения.

Ускорение— векторная физическая величина характеризующая быстроту изменение модуля и направления скорости и равная приращению вектора скорости за единицу времени:

[а]=м/с²

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения радиуса кривизны.

Радиус кривизны — скалярная физическая величина, обратная кривизне C в данной точке кривой и равная радиусу окружности, касательной к траектории в этой точке. Центр такой окружности называется центром кривизны для данной точки кривой. Радиус кривизны определяется: R = С^-1= , [R]=1м/рад.

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения кривизны

Траектории.

Кривизна траектории – физическая величина, равная , где — угол между касательными, проведенными в 2 точках траектории; — длина траектории между этими точками. Чем < , тем кривизна меньше. В окружности 2 пи радиант = .

[С]=рад/м.

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения угловой скорости.

Угловая скорость— векторная физическая величина, характеризующая быстроту изменения углового положения и равная углу поворота за ед. времени: . [w]= 1 рад/с=1с^-1

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения периода.

Период (T) — скалярная физическая величина равная времени одного полного оборота тела вокруг своейоси или времени полного оборота точки по окружности. где N – число оборотов за время, равное t. [T]=1c.

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения частоты.

Частота обращения— скалярная физическая величина равная числу оборотов в единицу времени: . [ ]=1/с.

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения импульса тела (количества движения).

Импульс – векторная физическая величина, равная произведению массы на вектор скорости. . [p]=кг·м/с.

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения импульса силы.

Импульс силы – векторная физическая величина, равная произведению силы на время ее действия. [N]=Н·с.

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения работы.

Работа силы— скалярная физическая величина характеризующая действие силы и равная скалярному произведению вектора силы на вектор перемещения: где — проекция силы на направление перемещения, — угол между направлениями силы и перемещения (скорости). [А]= [1 Дж]=1Н·м.

Дайте определение и укажите единицу измерения мощности.

Мощность — скалярная физическая величина характеризующая скорость совершения работы и равная работе произведённой за единицу времени: . [N]=1 Вт=1Дж/1с.

Дайте определение потенциальных сил.

Потенциальныеили консервативныесилы — силы, работа которых при перемещении тела независит от траектории движения тела и определяется только начальным и конечным положениями тела.

Дайте определение диссипативных (непотенциальных) сил.

Непотенциальные силы – силы, при действии которых на механическую систему ее полная механическая энергия убывает, переходя в другие немеханические формы энергии.

Дайте определение плеча силы.

Плечом силыназывается расстояние между осью и пря- мой, вдоль которой действует сила (расстояние x отсчитывается вдоль оси Ox перпендикулярной данной оси и силе).

Дайте определение момента силы относительно точки.

Момент силы относительно некоторой точки О— векторная физическая величина равная векторному произведению радиус- вектора проведённого из данной точки О в точку приложения силы и вектора силы. M= r * F= [r,F]. [M]_СИ=1Н·м=1кг·м²/с²

Дайте определение абсолютно твёрдого тела.

Абсолютно твёрдое тело— тело, деформациями которого можно пренебречь.

Сохранения импульса.

Закон сохранения импульса:импульс замкнутой системы тел есть величина постоянная.

Механика.

1. Указать единицу измерения для понятий: сила (1 Н = 1 кг·м/с² )

масса(кг)

Электрический заряд(Кл)

Дайте определение понятий: перемещение, путь, траектория.

Траектория— воображаемая линия, вдоль которой движется тело

Пройденный путьили просто путь(l) —длина пути , по которому двигалось тело

Перемещение— это вектор S, направленный из начальной точки в конечную



Понятие пути — Студопедия

Путь – любая последовательность работ, в которой конечное событие каждой работы совпадает с начальным событием следующей за ней работы.

Полный путь L – любой путь, начало которого совпадает с исходным событием сети, а конец – с завершающим.

Критический путь – наиболее продолжительный полный путь в сетевом графике. Работы и события, расположенные на критическом пути, называются критическими.

Критические работы определяют общий цикл завершения всего комплекса работ, планируемых с помощью сетевого графика. Для сокращения продолжительности проекта необходимо в первую очередь сокращать продолжительность работ, лежащих на критическом пути.

Выводы. Метод критического пути позволяет получить следующую информацию:

1) общая длительность выполнения проекта;

2) разделение множества процессов проекта на критические и не критические.

Пример 3. Для рассматриваемого сетевого графика рис. 4.7. полными путями будут:

— путь 0→1→2→7→10→11 продолжительностью 8+9+3+5+13=38 суток;

— путь 0→1→3→4→6→10→11 продолжительностью 8+4+10+3+5+13= = 43 суток;

— путь 0→5→8→9→11 продолжительностью 9+10+4+17=40 суток;

— путь 0→3→5→9→10→11 продолжительностью 13+7+9+13+6+13=61 сутки и т.д.

Последний путь наибольшей продолжительности и является критическим.

Линейная диаграмма проекта или график привязки
или временная диаграмма.

Полученный классический вид сетевого графика – это сеть, вычерченная без масштаба времени. Поэтому небольшие проекты после упорядочения сетевого графика дополняют линейной диаграммой проекта.

По оси ОХ откладывают время (в сутках), по оси OY – количество работ. Каждая работа изображается параллельным оси времени отрезком, длина которого равна продолжительности этой работы. Фиктивная работа нулевой продолжительности изображается точкой. События i и j, начало и конец работы (i, j) помещают соответственно в начале и конце отрезка. Отрезки располагают один над другим, снизу вверх в порядке возрастания индекса i , а при одном и том же i – в порядке возрастания индекса j.

Пример 4. Для рассматриваемого сетевого графика рис. 4.7. линейная диаграмма показана на рис. 4.8.

Рис. 4.8. Линейная диаграмма проекта

По линейной диаграмме можно определить критическое время, критический путь, резервы времени всех работ.

Так критическое время комплекса работ равно координате на оси времени самого правого конца всех отрезков диаграммы.

4.5 Расчет параметров сетевых графиков,
определение резервов времени и критического пути

Календарное планирование предусматривает определение моментов начала и окончания каждой работы и других временных характеристик сетевого графика. Это позволяет проанализировать сетевую модель, выявить критические работы, непосредственно определяющие срок выполнения проекта, провести оптимизацию использования ресурсов (временных, финансовых, исполнителей).

Основные временные параметры сетевых графиков представлены в таблице 4.1.

Таблица 4.1 – Временные параметры сетевой модели

Элемент сети	Наименование параметра	Обозначение и расчет параметра
Событие i	Ранний срок свершения события Поздний срок свершения события Резерв времени события
Работа (i,j)	Продолжительность работы Ранний срок начала работы Ранний срок окончания работы Поздний срок начала работы Поздний срок окончания работы Полный резерв времени работы	t(i,j) tрн(i, j) = tр(i) tро(i, j) = tр(i, j) + t(i, j) tпн(i, j) = tн(j) — t(i, j) tпо(i, j) = tн(j), R(L) = tкр — t(L)
Путь L	Продолжительность пути Продолжительность критического пути Резерв времени пути	t(L) tкр R(L)

На сетевом графике временные параметры отражаются в виде, показанном на рис. 4.9.

Рис. 4.9. Отображение временных параметров событий на сетевом графике

Рассмотрим содержание и расчет указанных параметров.

90000 Are Space Habitats the Way of the Future? 90001
90002 According to some, humanity’s future lies in space. In addition to the proposals from nations like China, which have announced plans to establish an outpost on the Moon in the next decade, some private aerospace companies are looking to make regular trips to the Moon and beyond a reality. 90003
90002 Someday, this could lead to ventures like space tourism — where customers can book a trip to orbit, the Moon, and even Mars — and even the creation of commercial space stations, and lunar and Martian colonies.90003
90002 For generations, human beings have fantasized about the day when people could live on the Moon or Mars. But with all the developments that have happened in the past decade or so, we are coming to the point where some of these ideas are starting to look more feasible. 90003
90002 This begs the question: how will human beings live in space over the long haul? Should we be planting our roots in the soil of other planets and altering them (and / or ourselves) to ensure our survival? Or should we look to creating orbiting habitats with microclimates and artificial gravity? 90003
90002 In terms of resources, time, effort and accommodation are space habitats the way to go? And from a strictly cost / benefit analysis, is it a better option than colonizing planets, moons, and other celestial objects? 90003
90012
The interior of an O’Neill Cylinder.90013 Source: NSS 90014

90015 Colonizing space 90016
90002 During the Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop, which took place in February of 2017 at NASA’s Headquarters in Washington DC, scientists from all over the world came together to share research and presentations about the future of humanity in space. 90018 90003
90002 It was here that Valeriy Yakovlev — an astrophysicist and hydrogeologist from the Laboratory of Water Quality in Kharkiv, Ukraine, presented a paper titled, «Mars Terraforming — the Wrong Way».90003
90002 Rather than colonizing and transforming the various bodies of the Solar System, he argued, humanity should instead construct space habitats. Addressing the idea of ​​establishing a permanent colony on Mars, he claimed that: 90003
90002 90013 «[A] radical obstacle to this is the unavailability of human beings to live in conditions of the reduced gravity of the Moon and Mars, being in their earthly bodies, at least in the next decades.» 90014 90003
90002 90013 «If the path of space exploration is to create a colony on Mars and furthermore the subsequent attempts to terraform the planet, it will lead to the unjustified loss of time and money and increase the known risks of human civilization.»90014 90003
90002 The reason for this, according to Yakolev, is because surface habitats and terraforming do not address the main challenges of colonizing space. His concern is that, rather than focusing on how to get to there or how we intend to go about creating the necessary infrastructure, the main challenge of living in space comes to down to the difficulty of having babies in space. 90003
90015 The hazards of living in space 90016
90002 Let’s face it, there are no shortages of hazards when it comes to living in space.Besides the danger of living in a sealed, pressurized tin can that is the only thing between the occupants and the vacuum of space, there’s also all manner of things that can kill you. 90003
90038

The Electromagnetic Spectrum. 90013 Source: NASA 90014

90002 Micrometeoroids are one danger. These small particles of space debris can pose a threat to spacecraft operations in Earth’s orbit. While tiny and weighing less than a gram (90042 0.035 ounces 90043), they can reach tremendous speeds and generate a significant force of impact.90003
90002 The average velocity of micrometeoroids relative to a spacecraft in orbit is about 90042 10 km / s 90043 (90042 6.2 mi / s 90043), which works out to 90042 36,000 km / h 90043 (90042 22,500 mph 90043). While individual impacts are not likely to rupture a spacesuit or the hull of a spacecraft or space station, long term exposure can cause significant wear and tear. 90003
90002 Then there is the danger posed by radiation in space. Thanks to Earth’s atmosphere and its protective magnetic field, human beings in developed nations such as the United States are exposed to an average background radiation of around 0.31 rem (3.1 mSv), with another 0.31 rem (3.1 mSv) per year from man-made sources. 90003
90002 However, beyond the protection of our atmosphere and magnetosphere, astronauts are exposed to much higher levels of solar radiation and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). There’s also the elevated radiation that comes with solar particle events (SPE). 90003
90002 According to NASA studies, astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) for six months are exposed to doses of ionizing radiation in the range of 50 to 2,000 mSv.90003
90002 These and other studies have established an upper limit of 500 mSv per year for astronauts, which is the highest annual dose for which there was no observed increase in the rate at which cancer occurs in humans. 90018 90003
90002 However, prolonged exposure dramatically increases the risk of acute radiation sickness, cancer, damage to the central nervous system, increased risk of degenerative disease, genetic damage, and even death. 90003
90066
Artist’s concept of the Von Braun Wheel.90013 Source: Colliers Magazine (1952) 90014

90015 Long-term effects of low gravity 90016
90002 On Earth, the force of gravity is equal to 9.8 meters per second per second (90042 9.8 m / s² 90043). This means that any object in freefall towards the surface accelerates at a rate of 90042 9.8 meters 90043 (90042 32 feet 90043) for every second it is falling. 90018 90003
90002 Long-term exposure to microgravity (which astronauts experience in orbit), or lower levels of gravity, can have detrimental effects on all living creatures that have evolved in «Earth-normal» gravity (or 90013 1 90014 g).Multiple studies have been conducted into this phenomenon, largely aboard the ISS. 90003
90002 This includes NASA’s seminal Twins Study, where astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly were used for comparative analysis. While Scott Kelly acted as a test subject and spent a year aboard the ISS, Mark Kelly remained on Earth and acted as the control. 90018 90003
90002 Multiple physicals were conducted on both astronauts after Scott Kelly returned to Earth. In addition to muscle and bone density loss, the studies showed that long-duration missions to space led to diminished organ function, eyesight, and even genetic changes.Re-adapting to Earth-normal gravity can also be arduous and painful for astronauts. 90018 90003
90002 At present, it is entirely unknown whether or not medical advances can counteract these effects. It is also unknown whether or not rehabilitation strategies, such as those that involve centrifuges, will be effective over long periods of time. 90018 90003
90002 This raises the question, why not simply establish habitats that are able to simulate Earth-normal gravity? Not only would inhabitants have no need for medical intervention to prevent physical degeneration, but they would also possibly be able to have children in space without additional worries about the effects of micro-gravity.90003
90002 As for what kind of space habitats we could build, there are a number of options, all of which have been explored in science fiction and official studies. 90003
90002 90003 90002 90100 90101 90003
90015 History of the concept 90016
90002 Much like research into rocketry and space exploration, the idea of ​​creating habitats in Earth orbit or space predates the Space Age, and goes back to the beginning of the 20th century. 90003
90002 It is also here that a great debt is owed to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857 — 1935), one of the founding fathers of rocketry and aeronautics.In 1903 році, he published a study titled «Investigation of Outer Space Rocket Devices,» where he suggested using rotation to create artificial gravity in space. 90003
90002 In 1928 Sloven rocket engineer Herman Potočnik released his seminal book 90013 90014 90013 Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums der Raketen-Motor 90014 (90013 The Problem of Space Travel — the Rocket Motor 90014). Here, he suggested building a spinning, wheel-shaped station with a 30-meter (~ 100 foot) diameter that could be placed in geostationary orbit.90003
90002 In 1929 року, Irish scientist John Desmond Bernal wrote «The World, the Flesh & the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul» in which he described a hollow spherical space habitat measuring 16 km (10 miles) in diameter, filled with air, and able to accommodate a population of 20,000 to 30,000 people. 90003
90002 In the 1950s, German-American rocket scientists Wernher von Braun and Willy Ley updated the idea as part of an article and spread for 90013 Colliers Magazine — 90014 titled «Man Will Conquer Space Soon!» 90003
90002 Von Braun and Ley envisioned a 3-deck, rotating wheel with a diameter of 90042 76 meters 90043 (90042 250 feet 90043).This wheel would revolve at 3 rpm to provide artificial gravity (one-third of Earth’s gravity), and act as a staging point for spacecraft headed to Mars. 90003
90002 In 1954 the German scientist Hermann Oberth described the use of massive, rotating cylinders for space travel in his book 90013 «People into space — New projects for rockets and space travel» 90014 (90013 Menschen im Weltraum — Neue Projekte für Raketen- und Raumfahrt 90014). 90003
90002 In 1975, NASA’s Ames Research Center and Stanford University jointly held the first annual NASA Summer Study.This ten-week program saw professors, technical directors and students come together to create a vision of how people might someday live in a large space colony. 90003
90002 90003 90002 90140 90101 90003
90002 The result of this was the Stanford Torus Space Settlement, a design for a wheel-like space station that would house 10,000 people and would rotate to provide the sensation of either Earth-normal or partial gravity. 90003
90002 In 1974, while teaching at Princeton University, physicist Gerard K.O’Neill proposed the concept of a rotating cylinder in outer space, which was detailed in a September 1974 article of 90013 Physics Today — 90014 titled «The Colonization of Space». 90003
90002 This idea was the result of a cooperative study where O’Neill’s students were tasked with designing stations that would allow for the colonization of space by the 21st century, using materials extracted from the Moon and Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs). 90003
90002 O’Neill expanded on this in his 1976 book, 90013 The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space, 90014 emphasizing how these types of «islands in space» could be built using existing technology.90003
90002 «We now have the technological ability to set up large communities in space,» he wrote, «communities in which manufacturing, farming, and all other human activities could be carried out.» 90003
90002 According to his description, this cylinder would consist of two counter-rotating cylinders measuring 90042 8 km 90043 in diameter and 90042 32 km 90043 long. This would provide artificial gravity while also canceling out any gyroscopic effects. 90003
90002 During the 1990s, several updated versions of these concepts were proposed, thanks in large part to the Space Settlement Contest launched by NASA and the NSS in 1994.90003
90002 These included updated versions of O’Neill cylinders, Bernal Spheres, and wheel stations that would take advantage of the latest developments in technology and materials science. 90003
90002 In 2011, Mark Holderman and Edward Henderson — of NASA’s Technology Applications Assessment Team (TAAT) — designed a concept for a rotating wheel space station. This was known as the Non-Atmospheric Universal Transport Intended for Lengthy United States Exploration (Nautilus-X). 90003
90169
Artist’s impression of a Nautilus-X space wheel on the ISS.90013 Source: NASA JSC 90014

90002 The concept was originally proposed for long-duration missions (1 to 24 months) to limit the effects of microgravity on human health. More recently, the idea was explored as a possible sleep quarters module that would be integrated with the ISS. 90003
90002 This would make it possible to experiment with artificial gravity without destroying the usefulness of the ISS for experiments in microgravity. The research could also help refine concepts for spacecraft that are able to simulate gravity using a centrifuge.90003
90002 In 2010 NASA began working to fulfill their vision for the future of human space exploration, now known as their «Moon to Mars» program. This program envisioned the development of a new generation of heavy launch vehicles, spacecraft, and space stations that would allow for human exploration beyond Earth. 90003
90002 A central part of the mission architecture is the Deep Space Gateway, an orbiting habitat which would be built in cis-lunar space. This habitat would facilitate future missions to the Moon for NASA, other space agencies, and commercial partners, while also serving as a staging point for missions to Mars.90003
90002 In 2018, the propsed habitat was renamed the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway (LOP-G) — or just the Lunar Gateway. The proposed configuration calls for the creation of a modular station consisting of eight elements, contributed by NASA and international partners. 90003
90002 This station will serve as a stopover point where crews launched from Earth — using the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Orion space capsule — will be able to dock and resupply. Astronauts and commercial crews will be able to travel to the lunar surface will do so using a reusable lunar lander.90003
90002 For missions headed to Mars, NASA plans on adding another spacecraft element — the Deep Space Transport. This reusable spacecraft will rely on Solar-Electric Propulsion (SEP) to make trips between the Lunar Gateway and another station in orbit around Mars. 90003
90002 90003 90002 90189 90101 90003
90002 This station is known as the Mars Base Camp, another modular station that will allow for astronauts to dock and resupply before going down to the Martian surface. This will be accommodated by the Mars Lander, another reusable spacecraft.90003
90002 In January of 2016, the Keck Institute for Space Studies hosted a presentation at Caltech titled «Building the First Spaceport in Low-Earth Orbit». The lecture was presented by members of the Gateway Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to creating the world’s first spaceport. 90003
90002 The Gateway’s design consists of two concentric inner rings fixed by four spokes to an outer ring. The inner rings make up the Lunar Gravity Area (LGA), where tourists will be able to dine and play in station’s rotation will simulate lunar gravity.90003
90002 The outer ring (LGA Habitation ring) is where habitation modules are placed. The outer ring, known as the Mars Gravity Area (MGA), experiences faster rotation and provides an artificial gravitational environment similar to what people would be experienced on the surface of Mars. 90003
90002 The core of the station is where the Hub and Bay would reside. This is where the Gateway’s traffic control and operations would be coordinated from. The Hub will also have an observation lounge where guests can watch incoming shuttles.90003
90002 The Gateway concept is one of many indications of the growing relevance and presence of the commercial aerospace industry in space. The Foundation also envisions that commercial launch providers like SpaceX will be invaluable in sending the Gateway’s modules to orbit (using the 90013 Starship 90014/90013 Super Heavy 90014 launch system). 90003
90002 90003 90002 90211 90101 90003
90015 Benefits over surface colonies 90016
90002 Space colonies have their fair share of upsides and downsides.But compared to establishing colonies on planets, moons, and asteroids, there are a number of really favorable trade-offs. 90003
90002 For one, rotating space stations — whether they take the form of O’Neill Cylinders, Von Braun Wheels or Stanford Torii — can be spun up to the point that they can mimic Earth-normal gravity. 90003
90002 This would eliminate concerns about the long-term health effects of low-g, and allow colonists a better chance of having children without the need to rely on medical treatments or artificial methods.90003
90002 Radiation protection could also be provided by ensuring that the stations ‘outer walls are reinforced with radiation-resistant material (like lead, depleted uranium, or wastewater). Additional shielding could possibly be provided by generating a magnetic field. 90003
90002 Space habitats could also allow for a great deal of flexibility when it comes to where to locate the colony. They could be built in orbit around Earth, the Moon, Mars, or possibly even other planets and major bodies in the Solar System.90003
90002 They could also be positioned at any or all of the Lagrange Points throughout the Solar System. These are locations where the gravitational forces of a two-body system (like the Sun and the Earth) produce regions of enhanced equilibrium, where a spaceship can be ‘parked’. 90003
90015 Challenges of making space habitats 90016
90002 Of course, no discussion about space habitats would be complete without mentioning the many challenges they present. Much like any effort to colonize beyond Earth, the most obvious one is cost.90003
90002 90233 90101 90003
90002 To build a single habitat in orbit around Earth would require a considerable amount of building materials, fuel, and construction robots. As it stands, SpaceX’s 90013 Falcon 9 90014 and 90013 Falcon Heavy 90014 can deliver payloads to LEO at a rate of $ 2,719 and $ 1,410 per kg, respectively. 90003
90002 While the development of fully reusable vehicles — as well as smallsat launch services and single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) rockets — has led to a significant reduction in launch costs, sending all the necessary materials and equipment into orbit would still be a monumental expenditure.90003
90002 A possible solution would be to extract materials from NEAs or the Moon using robotic spacecraft and haulers. These could then be brought to Earth orbit to be processed into building materials and assembled using construction robots. 90003
90002 However, this would still require that a megatons worth of material and machinery be sent into space to build these robots and facilities. The costs become even more prohibitive the farther away these habitats are being built. 90003
90015 Way of the future? 90016
90002 However, this is another advantage of creating space habitats.While the initial investment to create them in orbit around Earth or in cis-lunar space would be immense, these habitats could serve as stepping stones to more distant locations. 90003
90002 Basically, having these habitats in place between Earth and the Moon would mean that spacecraft could be assembled in orbit using materials harvested from space. They would also be able to launch from these stations, rather than having to take off from Earth. 90003
90002 This would mean significant reductions in terms of the number of launches from Earth, not to mention the amount of fuel needed to mount deep-space missions.90003
90002 From the Earth-Moon system, robotic spacecraft and crews could potentially be sent to Mars, the Asteroid Belt, and to the outer and inner Solar System to build additional habitats using materials harvested locally. 90003
90258
Artist’s concept of the Interior of an O’Neill Cylinder. 90013 Source: Don Davis / NASA 90014

90002 The more locations we have «colonized» with space habitats, the easier it will be to expand humanity’s presence across the Solar System. However, it is unlikely that future generations would choose one option over the other.90003
90002 In the end, it seems more realistic to assume that space habitats could facilitate the spread of human beings through space, which includes allowing for settlements on other planets. So in addition to «Martians» and the like, there would also be «Lagrangians» (or whatever name they go by). 90003
90002 90013 90042 Further Reading: 90043 90014 90003

.90000 BBC — Religions — Hinduism: Hindu concepts 90001

90002 Brahman and God 90003

90004 Brahman 90005

90006 90007 Brahman 90008 is a Sanskrit word which refers to a transcendent power beyond the universe. As such, it is sometimes translated as ‘God’ although the two concepts are not identical. Brahman is the power which upholds and supports everything. According to some Hindus this power is identified with the self (90007 atman 90008) while others regard it as distinct from the self.90011

90006 Most Hindus agree that Brahman pervades everything although they do not worship Brahman. Some Hindus regard a particular deity or deities as manifestations of Brahman. 90011

90004 God 90005

90006 Most Hindus believe in God but what this means varies in different traditions. The Sanskrit words 90007 Bhagavan 90008 and 90007 Ishvara 90008 mean ‘Lord’ or ‘God’ and indicate an absolute reality who creates, sustains and destroys the universe over and over again. It is too simplistic to define Hinduism as belief in many gods or ‘polytheism’.Most Hindus believe in a Supreme God, whose qualities and forms are represented by the multitude of deities which emanate from him. God, being unlimited, can have unlimited forms and expressions. 90011

90006 God can be approached in a number of ways and a devoted person can relate to God as a majestic king, as a parent figure, as a friend, as a child, as a beautiful woman, or even as a ferocious Goddess. Each person can relate to God in a particular form, the 90007 ishta devata 90008 or desired form of God.Thus, one person might be drawn towards Shiva, another towards Krishna, and another towards Kali. Many Hindus believe that all the different deities are aspects of a single, transcendent power. 90011

90006 In the history of Hinduism, God is conceptualised in different ways, as an all knowing and all pervading spirit, as the creator and force within all beings, their ‘inner controller’ (90007 antaryamin 90008) and as wholly transcendent. There are two main ideas about Bhagavan or Ishvara: 90011

90030 90031 Bhagavan is an impersonal energy.Ultimately God is beyond language and anything that can be said about God can not capture the reality. Followers of the Advaita Vedanta tradition (based on the teachings of Adi Shankara) maintain that the soul and God are ultimately identical and liberation is achieved once this has been realised. This teaching is called non-dualism or advaita because it claims there is no distinction between the soul and the ultimate reality. 90032
90031 Bhagavan is a person. God can be understood as a supreme person with qualities of love and compassion towards creatures.On this theistic view the soul remains distinct from the Lord even in liberation. The supreme Lord expresses himself through the many gods and goddesses. The theologian Ramanuja (also in the wider Vedanta tradition as Shankara) makes a distinction between the essence of God and his energies. We can know the energies of God but not his essence. Devotion (90007 bhakti 90008) is the best way to understand God in this teaching. 90032
90037 90006 For convenience Hindus are often classified into the three most popular Hindu denominations, called 90007 paramparas 90008 in Sanskrit.These paramparas are defined by their attraction to a particular form of God (called 90007 ishta 90008 or 90007 devata 90008): 90011

90046 90031 Vaishnavas focus on Vishnu and his incarnations (90007 avatara 90008, avatars). The Vaishanavas believe that God incarnates into the world in different forms such as Krishna and Rama in order to restore dharma. This is considered to be the most popular Hindu denomination. 90032
90031 Shaivas focus on Shiva, particularly in his form of the linga although other forms such as the dancing Shiva are also worshipped.The Shaiva Siddhanta tradition believes that Shiva performs five acts of creation, maintenance, destruction, concealing himself, revealing himself through grace. 90032
90031 Shaktas focus on the Goddess in her gentle forms such as Lakshmi, Parvati, and Sarasvati, or in her ferocious forms such as Durga and Kali. 90032
90055

.90000 The Concept of Polarities | Center for body language 90001

90002 90003 90004

90005 90006 90007 Polarities 90008 — the definition 90009 90010
90002 I understand by «90007 polarities» 90008 extremes, which exclude the possibility of existence of its reverse. For example when you see white, you do not see black at the same time. When a knife is sharp, you do not perceive it as blunt. 90007 Polarities 90008 therefore are extremes of our perception, activity, emotional state, way of thinking, a phase during a phenomenon that’s occurring right now.When you’re looking at one side of a coin, you’re not able to simultaneously see the other. When you’re under a wave, you can not also be on it. When someone is far away, they can not simultaneously be close. If you’re sad, you can not also feel happy, because our brain works this way that it physiologically narrows its focus to only one angle of our emotionality, the positive state or the negative state. 90004
90005 Examples of 90007 polarities 90008: 90010
90021
90022 90007 Polarity 90008 as an extreme of our perception: 90025 freedom — imprisonment, I am able to — I am not able to, possible — impossible.90026
90022 90007 Polarity 90008 as an extreme of our activity: jumping up — sitting calm, falling asleep — waking up, tension — rest, struggle — peace. 90026
90022 90007 Polarity 90008 as an extreme of our emotional state: sadness — joy, anger — acceptance, love — hate, fear — tranquillity. 90026
90022 90007 Polarity 90008 as an extreme of a way of thinking: not good enough — good enough, pessimism — optimism, worrying — enjoying, lack — abundance. 90026
90022 90007 Polarity 90008 as an extreme of occurrence of the phase of a phenomenon: day — night, life — death, inhaling — exhaling.90026
90043
90002 It’s important to mention that 90007 polarities 90008 are not always an objective phenomenon as the day and night. If they relate to emotional states, our perception and way of thinking, they often are very subjective. What for one person is the opposite of belief: «No one loves me» or «Nothing ever works out» may be different for various other people. Just as the opposite of love is hate for some, for others it can be anger or fear. The perception of 90007 polarities 90008 depends on our experience of life and the way how we perceive relationships between cause and effect.90004
90002 If you’re in the most common state of awareness, characterizing your daily activities, which is known as beta, you can not simultaneously feel one 90007 polarity 90008 and it’s opposite. 90004
90054
90055
90056
90057
90005 Exercise experiencing polarities: 90010
90060
90061
90056
90057
90021
90022 Imagine something that made you laugh lately, or a situation where you felt happy. See all the elements of this situation in full and feel it deeply, until you are able to recall positive emotions.90026
90022 All the time whilst experiencing these positive emotions, imagine a situation when you were angry at someone or when you were very sad or scared. 90026
90022 Come back to the positive state. 90026
90043
90060
90061
90074
90075
90002 Probably, when you’re imagining a positive situation and feeling positive emotions, it’s difficult for you, at the same time, to feel clearly anger, sadness or fear. If, however, you would go into negative emotions, it would be difficult to return to a positive state.Usually, in the normal beta state of consciousness, we are able to focus only on one state of mind and we do it subconsciously as if on autopilot. This is as if we would get into an emotional tunnel and with this narrow perspective it’s hard to change our mood. That’s why people who are depressed or experiencing attacks of anger can not so easily redirect their attention to the opposite state of mind. Good news is that you can train yourself in changing your mood from negative to positive, if you’re able to remember the set of associations leading to positive feelings.Changing awareness from negative to positive by invoking appropriate images or associations is one of the techniques used in Tibetan Buddhism. It’s worth adding that to really be able to change your state of mind on a deep level, you need to enter the alpha state of consciousness, which is experienced, when we slow down «the run» of our daily activities, meditate, or when we are in a state of relaxation. 90004
90002 Only in a deep alpha state we are able to simultaneously experience with our mind both of the reverse states at once: the positive and negative, and feel harmony and tranquillity at a deeper level of our senses.90007 Emotional Management Method 90008 works on enabling you to resolve your negative emotions on a deeper level. One of secrets to entering the deeper areas of your alpha awareness is your breathing, which becomes deeper and calmer. Normally emotional states such as anger, anxiety, and excitement are accompanied by quick and shallow breath. Slowing down your breath helps to switch the brain into alpha state. 90004
90002 According to Buddhist psychology the breath results in the ability to access to a variety of emotions and our emotional history, and just by breathing, we can heal these emotions on a very deep level.90025 90004
90005 90006 90007 Polarities 90008 as part of the natural order of things 90089 90009 90010
90002 90007 Polarities 90008 are not a concept that Patryk and I created and which previously did not exist. 90007 Polarities 90008 have always existed in nature. Just like night and day, cold and hot, sun and rain, sleep and wakefulness, sea inflow and outflow, the phases of the moon, birth and death. 90004
90002 For example, notice your breathing. There is always a 90007 polarity 90008 of 90007 inhaling and exhaling 90008.If you focus on breathing for a moment, you will discover how the unity of these two 90007 polarities 90008 of inhaling and exhaling influences your whole existence. I remember once when I went on a 90007 vipassana 90008 meditation retreat, consisting of 10 days in silence, where we were being trained in the different methods of meditation under a teacher’s supervision. The first session began in the evening. When silence was announced, the whole group sat in the courtroom to begin the first meditation.It seemed simple, because the exercise was just to observe breathing, but I had never done it before. When I began to focus on my breath for the first time in my life, I almost panicked thinking that I would be short of it. It was so hard for me to endure a pause between inhaling and exhaling. I was afraid that if I exhale, I would run out of air. Instead of observing my breath, I began to control it. This pause between inhaling and exhaling reminded me of another important 90007 polarity 90008 — life and death.When I went from the unconscious into the conscious, instead of relaxing, there was a struggle. There was anxiety, rather than calmness. This feeling gave the signal to the brain that I’m in danger, and then instead of starting to breathe slower and deeper, I started to hyperventilate. I had to listen to the breathing of other people around me to calm down and feel safe again. 90004
90002 The 90007 polarity 90008 of inhaling and exhaling has a great impact on our life. Every day, with every single breath we start new life, oxygenating our blood and letting the heart beat.With each exhalation, we get rid of what is unnecessary for our body, all the toxins are cleared out from our respiratory system and blood. Inhaling and exhaling are 90007 polarities 90008 in 90007 90008 themselves similar to our nervous system that works likewise. 90007 Our nervous system 90008 consists of two reverse systems: the parasympathetic system and sympathetic system. When we are in the resting phase, the parasympathetic system is activated, responsible for relaxation and improving digestion.However when we experience stress or tension, the sympathetic nervous system activates, which is not as «sympathetic» as it sounds. The sympathetic system is responsible for the fight or flight mechanism. This system activates the whole body. The heart starts beating faster and the hair stands on end. Our nervous system with the opposition between the parasympathetic and sympathetic system is another amazing 90007 polarity 90008, which affects many of our live mechanisms, to which we are subjected every day.90004
90002 The best examples for various 90007 polarities 90008 you can find in 90007 nature 90008. Living in cities of prosperous western societies, we do not feel the power of nature so strongly. I remember visiting my grandmother, who had a cottage in the woods. In the morning it was so cold that we had to warm up near the fireplace in the kitchen, and during the day we took heat from the sun. At nightfall, all the animals in the forest went silent and the only sound was the pounding silence.On a clear moonlight night, the haze swarmed the forest. When there was no moon, such darkness was falling that we could not see the furniture in the room. At dawn the birds woke us up with a cascade of sounds and the new day begun. While watching the fire in the fireplace, you could see the birth of a new flame and subsequent annihilation of the pieces of wood. In order to relax by the fireplace, first you had to work hard, and bring the wood inside. The melancholy of autumn was changing over to winter silence, then into the blooming of spring and the heat of the summer.Just like after the rain the sun shines and after the winter spring comes, old houses in the village collapsed with the death of grandparents are rebuilt by young ones. Living in the countryside even for a while, it was also easier to understand that after grief eventually joy comes and it was easier to trust in the eternal order. 90004
90002 In our times we take distance from nature. We separate ourselves by using electricity from warming up in the ritual of fire, by thermostats in the rooms from following the weather changes, by hot running water from using water from the cold streams, by lanterns from the darkness of night, by hospitals to keep us from death.Supposedly everything becomes easier but we experience more stress because of the lack of connection with our own selves and the lack of understanding of the interference of opposites, which more or less consciously we still sense. We experience every loss so much as if it was a fire or flood in the olden days, and success as if it was spring coming after a long winter. Having no contact with ourselves and not understanding what it’s like to be in harmony and in balance with that which occurs in nature, whenever we experience any trouble, we think that it will always be like this.90004
90005 90006 Our limited perception 90009 90010
90002 Usually when going through a problem, our perspective becomes very limited. It’s as if you were looking at the world through the wider side of the funnel and saw only a small part of the view on the other side. If we would use a funnel perspective as a metaphor for how our view on a particular situation is narrowed sometimes, then you could see your current situation only to extent of what somebody said to you or did. You would see only what happened in the relation of accompanied emotions of sadness, anger, disappointment, shame and fear.You could not see that maybe someone else in your position could feel joy, tranquillity, fulfilment, relaxation, freedom, love. By realizing that you got stuck in a rut of the 90007 polarity, 90008 you can finally get outside of the limited perception and look at the event from a new perspective. Then, manoeuvring between the experiences of rage and euphoria or other couple of 90007 polarities 90008, you can finally find a point of view, which is more realistic, yet gives you the prospect of more constructive actions based on your skills and intuition.90004
90002 Based on the principle of contrast between the two 90007 polarities 90008 you’re able to look at the situation in a more creative way and reverse the funnel to see all the opportunities in front of you. Firstly, there might be that the new opportunities will not only help you to change the perception of a problem but also what might result is that there is no problem anymore. Secondly you will find inspirations to react in an entirely new way, without giving in to the routine way of reaction.90004
90002 A good example of a difference in the approach to new things is the way in which children react when they see the sea for the first time. Some are very afraid of the immensity of the water and cry, others are just surprised and have their eyes wide-open and touch the water surface just a little bit with their feet. Others are delighted with the sea and immediately jump into the water like in a huge puddle. 90004
90002 The perception of what we consider to be a problem is similar.Some people love to appear in public. From early childhood they’re joyfully reciting poems and singing with their childish voice. Others are almost paralyzed with fear when they have to show up in public. It’s just a matter of perception. If we were able to change the perception and modulate it in the direction of our dreams, the world would align itself to how we want it to be. 90004
90002 When you ask various people about their experience of a certain event, everybody would have a different perspective to share.Some would perceive it as a problem, some as a challenge and for others it would be just a piece of cake. Based of the variety of perspective on the same event, we could easily come to conclusion that the nature of events is essentially neutral and it’s us who give them meaning. We colour events with our point of view, prejudices, former experiences and acquired knowledge. 90004
90002 A good example of how our perspective varies was researched on cats. In the experiment, kittens from their very early days were kept for a few weeks in an environment where everything could be seen only in horizontal lines.When a kitten was let out into the normal environment, it was stumbling for some time into everything that was vertical, because it was not able to notice it. The same happened with a kitten in the vertical conditions, they could not see any horizontal shapes. This phenomenon of narrowed perspective also can take place with humans. Anthropological studies describe that people living in the jungle taken to the savannah for the first time, seeing a buffalo from a distance, thought it was a fly, because they’re lacking of a sense of perspective.90004
90002 It happens similarly with many things in our lives that looking from the point of view of one 90007 polarity 90008 we sometimes do not notice that the event or object can be seen in a different way. 90007 Emotional Management Method 90008 helps to extend this point of view and allows you to choose from which perspective you really prefer to look. 90025 90004
90005 90006 Towards Unity 90009 90010
90002 There is a state of mind, which exists above the division into different cognition categories.In this state we are not subjected to either a strong desire or avoidance. We do not dream about being somewhere else than we are right now, neither do we reject the presence of here and now. These states of union could occur in the rare moments when we are dazzled by the beauty of a landscape, a sunset, or we are holding hands with a beloved person or cuddle a new-born child. Such moments of harmony and contentment happen to us naturally but only from time to time. However, we do have the ability to be in these states more often.We can experience the state of union more frequently by learning to bring in the alpha state through deep prayer, meditation or feeling of gratitude for what we have. 90004
90002 We can also achieve the state of being above 90007 polarities 90008 after 20 minutes of a session 90007 of Emotional Management Method 90008. We will experience a moment in which we look at our lives in a new light, as if we are standing on the top of the hill. This new clarity of our mind enables us to choose the path to go further.90025 90025 90006 (…) Read more in the complete book … 90009 90004

90002 90176 90177 90025 90006 >> Want to be featured in this movie? Join us in Hollywood. 90009 90004

90002 90006 >> Buy the Emotional Management Method Book on Amazon 90009 90025 90186 90004

.90000 Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 90001 90002
90003 90004 Culture 90005 is a word for the ‘way of life «of groups of people, meaning the way they do things. Different groups may have different cultures. A culture is passed on to the next generation by learning, whereas genetics are passed on by heredity. Culture is seen in people’s writing, religion, music, clothes, cooking and in what they do.
90006 90003 The concept of culture is very complicated, and the word has many meanings.90008 [1] 90009 The word ‘culture’ is most commonly used in three ways.
90006

90003 Most broadly, ‘culture’ includes all human phenomena which are not purely results of human genetics. The discipline which investigates cultures is called anthropology, though many other disciplines play a part.
90006

90003 Cultures are what make countries unique. Each country has different cultural activities and cultural rituals. Culture includes material goods, the things the people use and produce. Culture is also the beliefs and values ​​of the people and the ways they think about and understand the world and their own lives.90006 90003 Different countries have different cultures. For example, some older Japanese people wear kimonos, arrange flowers in vases, and have tea ceremonies. Some countries oppose some things in their culture, like discrimination or religion.
90006

90003 Culture can also vary within a region, society or sub group. A workplace may have a specific culture that sets it apart from similar workplaces. A region of a country may have a different culture than the rest of the country. For example, in a large country like China or Canada a region may have a distinctive way of talking, different types of music, and different types of dances.90006 90003 A group who acts or speaks differently may be said to be, or have, a subculture.
90006

90003 Companies or other organizations (groups of people) can have a separate culture. Japanese manufacturing companies often have a different culture to Western companies; the workday starts with exercise, and the workers are very loyal to the company.
90006 90003 Companies in the high-technology sector often have a different culture than other companies. Software and computer companies sometimes allow employees to play games during the workday, or take time off work to relax, because these companies believe that this will help the workers to think better.90006

90003 90026 Anthropology 90027 is studying human beings and how they relate to each other. An 90026 anthropologist 90027 is a person who studies anthropology. Anthropologists study how culture shapes people and their lives. Cultures constantly change as people move and communicate with new groups of people.
90006 90003 For example, immigrants (people who move from one country to another) may keep some of their customs and traditions from their old country. By keeping their culture in this way, they bring pieces of their culture to a new place where others begin to experience it.90006

90033
90034 ↑ Kroeber A.L. and C. Kluckhohn 1952. 90026 Culture: a critical review of concepts and definitions 90027.
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